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The Effect of Family Preference and Monetary Value on Career Choice among Freshmen at Universities
Abstract
Background
Everyone encounters the challenge of choosing a career at some point, which typically happens when students choose academic programs that determine their future professions. This research studied the effect of family preference and monetary value on career choice among freshmen at universities. Students who are concerned about the financial aspects of their careers may be more likely to choose a high-paying job over one that is more personally fulfilling. The importance of this study lies in the possibility that it might provide valuable insight into the role that family and monetary values play in shaping career choice, which may inform future research in the area.
Methods
Quantitative approach, correlation and regression analysis design was employed to analyze the data gathered from the samples. The population consisted of freshmen from different universities, with 500 samples for the study. Automated data processing was performedfor this study by using a software.
Results
There is a slight positive correlation between family preference and monetary value. A very weak positive correlation exists between family preference and career choice, while a moderate positive correlation is observed between monetary value and career choice.
Conclusion
These findings indicate that financial factors have a significant influence on career choice decisions. While family preference does not show a significant relationship with either monetary value or career choice, from this study it is recommended to investigate other potential variables that might influence career choice and examine the role of family preference in different contexts or populations.
1. INTRODUCTION
At some point, everyone faces the challenge of choosing a career, often occurring when students select study programs that shape their future professions. This issue also arises for parents who help their children make career decisions, as well as for teachers, career advisors, and psychologists who provide guidance in their professional roles [1]. The significance of career choice is underscored by its impact on various aspects of an individual's life, including income, standard of living, social status, relationships, emotional well-being, and self-esteem [2]. There is a relationship between parental and familial engagement in career decision-making. Choosing a career is a complex and challenging process, especially given the increasing need for specialization in the workplace. This decision is influenced by a range of factors, both internal and external, or a combination of the two [3]. Many individuals are strongly influenced by the professions their parents favor or by the opportunities their education provides. Others are drawn to careers that offer greater benefits, such as higher salaries, bonuses, and vacation time. Although there are differences across demographic groups, extrinsic factors affecting career decisions often stem from parents, peers, friends, relatives, role models, and educators, especially career counselors, through social support and interactions [4]. The extent to which these influences shape career choices can vary significantly across different populations.
Most studies investigating the factors that shape career choices among undergraduate students have identified related elements, including socioeconomic status, educational background, and cultural influences [5]. Understanding these factors can help guardians, educators, and industry professionals identify where students place their greatest trust in the career selection process. As noted in a previous study [6], embarking on a career represents a pivotal moment in a person’s life, shaped by prior influences. The choice of a career has become crucial, as it lays the foundation for an individual's future path. Self-confidence in career decision-making is essential for guiding individuals through the decision-making process, significantly impacting their subsequent career development, pursuits, and job satisfaction [7, 8]. People with strong careers are more motivated to explore career options and plan effectively, as well as to clearly know their interests, remain committed to their career goals, and achieve greater success [9, 10].
There are factors that could influence the decision of students about their future careers and how they value different job opportunities.
The problem of family preference and monetary values on career choice among freshers at universities is a complex one that has been a subject of much research and discussion in recent years. Family preference can include a variety of factors, such as the family's cultural background, values, and expectations for the student. Monetary values can include factors such as salary, job security, and the cost of education.
All of these factors can have a major impact on shaping the career choices of freshers at universities. For example, students who come from families with strong cultural or religious values may feel pressure to choose a career that aligns with those values. Students who are concerned about the financial aspects of their careers may be more likely to choose a high-paying job over one that is more personally fulfilling.
This problem is particularly relevant for universities because freshers are at a crucial stage in their academic and professional lives, and the career choices they make at this time can have a lasting impact on their future. Therefore, it is important for universities to explore the different factors that affect the career choices of their students so that they can better support and guide them as they make these important decisions.
In summary, the problem statement discusses the various factors that influence the career choices of freshers at universities. By recognizing the influence of family preferences and financial values, universities can more effectively assist and guide students in making these crucial decisions. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of family values and monetary considerations on the career choices of university freshmen, with the aim of providing insights that can inform career counseling practices, employer recruitment strategies, and policy development in higher education.
1.1. Importance of Study
The importance of this study is based on the possibility that it might provide valuable insight into the role that family and monetary values play in shaping career choices, which may inform future research in the area. This study could also extend beyond the university setting, as the results may have implications for other organizations and industries. For example, understanding the factors that impact career choice among freshmen may be valuable to employers who are looking to recruit and retain talented employees.
Moreover, the findings of this study may also have broader implications for the field of education and career counseling. The study's findings could be used to create career counseling programs, workshops, and other initiatives to help students make informed career choices.
The results of this study could be published in a peer-reviewed journal to contribute to the existing knowledge in the field and inform policies and practices related to career guidance for university students.
1.2. Research Question
1. Is there a significant relationship between family preference, monetary values, and career choice among freshmen at universities?
2. Is there a significant effect of monetary value on career choice among freshmen at universities?
3. Is there a significant effect of family preference on career choice among freshmen at universities?
Most studies made pertaining to career choice are all based on other variables affecting or influencing career choice with populations other than freshmen. The title of this study, “ The Effect of Parental Preference and Monetary Value on Career Choice among Freshmen at Universities,” is focused more on freshmen and the diversity of the samples means the study result can be generalized.
There is a gap in career choice among students on parental influence on students' career choice and how their expectation also plays a major role in the course that they choose to study. Much study on this hasbeen conducted, making this study an added contribution to the area of education, as it seems to be under-researched. This study was a correlational study, examining the relationship between the variables studied in this research.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Theoretical Framework
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT): This theory suggests that individuals' career choices are shaped by their self-efficacy, expected outcomes, and career aspirations. In relation to this study, SCCT would suggest that freshmen's career choices are shaped by their perceived ability to succeed in different careers, their expectations of the outcomes of different careers, and their goals for future careers [11]. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), developed by a previous study [11], emphasizes the role of self-efficacy in influencing career choices [12]. Another study [13] also highlighted the importance of individuals' perceptions of their ability to perform tasks related to a specific career when making career decisions. Additionally, a previous study [14] argued that young individuals often select careers that resonate with their self-concept but are willing to make compromises when faced with substantial obstacles to achieving their goals. Consequently, those who perceive themselves as having lower employability may be more inclined to adjust their career choices more readily [15]. Also, the human capital theoryposits that people make investments in education and skills in order to increase their productivity and earning potential. This theory would suggest that the monetary values and the global demand for certain careers influence Freshmen's career choices.
This theoretical framework could help the researcher understand how these theories explain the effect of family preference and monetary values on career choice among freshmen at universities.
In conclusion, SCCT emphasizes that career choices for freshmen are significantly shaped by the self-belief in their abilities, anticipated career outcomes, and aspirations, highlighting the importance of self-efficacy in career decision-making. Understanding these factors can help educators and counselors guide students more effectively in their career planning. Human capital theory underscores that freshmen’s career choices are influenced by economic considerations, including the expected return on investment in terms of future earnings and job opportunities. Students are likely to prioritize careers with strong demand and growth potential, as well as those that offer long-term skill development and financial rewards.
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1. Research Method
A quantitative approach was used, employing correlation and regression analysis. Pearson Correlation Analysis was utilized to examine the relationships among the three variables: family preference, monetary value, and career choice. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was used as part of the regression analysis. Anova helped in determining the effect both family preference and monetary value have on career choice. Two separate simple linear regression analyses were conducted: a family preference as a predictor of career choice. and b. monetary value as a predictor of career choice.
The results were analyzed statistically to determine the significance of each variable in influencing career choice.
3.2. Population of Study
The population of study for this research consisted of freshmen at universities. For this study, the sample was 500 freshmen, regardless of the gender. The sample represents the population of university freshmen to ensure that the findings can be generalized to other freshmen in universities. The sample was selected through a random sampling method to ensure it accurately represents the population in terms of relevant variables such as majors, socioeconomic status, and cultural background.
3.3. Instruments
3.3.1. Family Preference Scale
Family Preference Scale (FPS) scale was developed to assess individuals' perceptions of the influence their families had on their decision-making process [16]. The scale includes four subscales: informational support, financial support, family expectations, and values and beliefs [16]. The informational support subscale includes 8 items that measure the amount of information individuals receive, such as details about various career options and guidance on how to choose a career. The financial support subscale contains 3 items that evaluate the level of financial support provided by the family in relation to career decisions. The family expectations subscale has 5 items that assess the extent to which career choices are expected to align with family wishes, including cultural and gender-based expectations. The values and beliefs subscale comprises 3 items that inquire whether individuals feel their career choices reflect their family’s values or spiritual beliefs. A previous study [16] established the convergent validity of the Family Influence Scale (FIS).
The items were measured using a 6-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree), and the mean scores for each subscale were used to calculate the overall scale score. Evidence of reliability and validity has been reported, with Cronbach's α values ranging from .76 to .95 [16]. A pilot study confirmed the scale's validity and reliability, with an α value of .79, while the main study reported a higher α value of .82, indicating strong internal consistency.
3.3.2. Monetary Value
Table 1 shows the six measurement items for economic considerations sourced from previous studies [17-21]. A five-point Likert scale was employed, with responses ranging from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5).
3.3.3. Career Choice
The five measurement items for career choice mentioned in Table 2 were derived from previous studies [22-26]. A five-point Likert scale, ranging from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5), was used, with a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.731.
| Monetary Value | |
|---|---|
| No. | Items |
| 1. | I am satisfied with work that provides pay raises that keep me abreast with the cost of living. |
| 2. | I hope I will be paid a high salary. |
| 3. | I need a good starting salary. |
| 4. | The wish for financial security is an important factor that influences my career choice. |
| 5. | The amount of financial rewards influence me to choose a career. |
| 6. | Salary considerations are important for making career decisions. |
| Career Choice | |
|---|---|
| 1 | I believe I have a free choice in making my career decision. |
| 2 | I have definitely made a career choice. |
| 3 | I find information about the current job opening. |
| 4 | I may choose this career because I do not think I will get any other job offers. |
| 5 | When I make a career decision, I know which occupation I love. |
3.4. Data Collection Procedure
Firstly, ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Questionnaires were given to collect data from the samples on the factors influencing career choice among university freshmen, including family preference and monetary values. Samples of university freshmen from various majors were selected, and the survey was administered to them.
For this study, some criteria were put in place to enable the selection of the samples used in the study like the demographics, which included the sample having to be a university student and freshmen. The study was open to all genders, and age was not a major factor in the sample selection. After confirming the sample meets all the criteria for the study, the questionnaires were given for the data to be collected. The data were collected in a conducive environment, and all were collected voluntarily. Regression analysis was then conducted to explore the relationship between family preferences, monetary values, and career choice. The dependent variable in this analysis was career choice, and the independent variables werefamily preference and monetary values.
Measures for family preference, monetary value, and career choice were measured using Likert scales.
This study examined students' career choices based on the effect of family preference and monetary value. A validated questionnaire on career choice, family preference, and monetary value was distributed to 500 students through an online platform. Responses were collected within two months, and a statistical tool (SPSS) was used to organize and analyze the data. This was the data collection process used to ensure the data was reliable and could be used to draw valid conclusions.
3.5. Data Analysis
The collected data was analyzed using SPSS to examine the effect of family preference and monetary value on career choice among freshmen at universities. SPSS is a software application for statistics analysis used to analyze data. The research sample data was analyzed using the GNU Scientific Library for its mathematical functions. For this study's data analysis, descriptive statistics such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range were applied. Inferential statistics like pPearson correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis was used. Automated data processing was conducted for this studyusing software to process the data collected.
4. RESULTS
The participants included 500 individuals, both male and female, with no precise age range. The research was targeted at only freshmen undergraduate students. All participants were freshmen students in universities which was part of the limitation discussed in this study.
4.1. Findings
Question 1: Is there a significant relationship between family preference, monetary values, and career choice among freshmen at universities?
Table 3 presents the results of a Pearson correlation analysis that examines the relationships between three variables: family preference, monetary value, and career choice. The analysis reveals a weak positive correlation (r = 0.175) between family preference and monetary value. However, the p-value (0.307) exceeds 0.05, suggesting that this correlation is not statistically significant. Therefore, we cannot conclude that family preference is related to monetary value based on this sample.
| - | Family Preference | Monetary Value | Career Choice | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family Preference | Pearson Correlation | -- | - | - |
| N | 500 | - | - | |
| Monetary Value | Pearson Correlation | .175 | -- | - |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .307 | - | - | |
| N | 500 | 500 | - | |
| Career Choice | Pearson Correlation | .074 | .470** | -- |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .667 | .004 | - | |
| N | 500 | 500 | 500 | |
Additionally, there is a very weak positive correlation (r = 0.074) between family preference and career choice, with a p-value of 0.667, which is well above 0.05, indicating that this correlation is also not statistically significant. The results shown in Table 3 suggest that there is no meaningful relationship between family preference and career choice among university freshmen. On the other hand, a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.470) is found between monetary value and career choice. The p-value of 0.004 is less than 0.01, indicating that this correlation is statistically significant at the 0.01 level. Additionally, Table 3 suggests a meaningful relationship between monetary value and career choice among the participants.
Question 2: Is there a significant effect of family preference on career choice among freshmen at universities?
Table 4 provides a summary of the results from the regression analysis. The “Model” refers to the specific model being assessed, which, in this case, is Model 1. The 'R' value represents the correlation coefficient, indicating the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the predictor variable(s) and the dependent variable. With an R-value of .766, there is a strong positive correlation. The R Square value of .587 suggests that about 58.7% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the model. Meanwhile, the Adjusted R Square value of .484 indicates that, after adjusting for the number of predictors, approximately 48.4% of the variance in the dependent variable can still be explained by the model. A standard error of 1.41250 suggests that, on average, the predicted values are off by about 1.41250 units from the actual values.
| Model | R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square | Std. Error of the Estimate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .766a | .587 | .484 | 1.41250 |
Overall, Table 4 suggests that “family preference” is a significant predictor of the dependent variable, explaining a substantial portion of its variance with a strong correlation.
Table 5 details the variance within the regression model.
| Model | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Regression | 11.353 | 1 | 11.353 | 5.690 | .076b |
| Residual | 7.981 | 4 | 1.995 | |||
| Total | 19.333 | 5 | ||||
In summary, Table 5 reveals that the regression model accounts for a considerable portion of the variance in the dependent variable. However, the F-test indicates that the model is not statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 6 presents the results of a linear regression analysis examining the influence of family preference on career choice. The coefficient for family preference (0.0147) implies that for every one-unit increase in family preference, career choice is expected to rise by 0.0147 units, assuming all other variables remain constant. However, the high p-value (0.66) suggests that this relationship is not statistically significant. Therefore, Family Preference does not have a meaningful impact on career choice.
| Model | R | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.0743 | 0.00552 |
| Predictor | Estimate | SE | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 21.5892 | 2.7164 | 7.948 | <.00 |
| Family_Influence | 0.0147 | 0.0338 | 0.434 | 0.66 |
Question 3: Is there a significant effect of monetary value on career choice among freshmen at universities?
Table 7 presents the results of a regression analysis that examines the relationship between the dependent variable and the predictor “monetary value.” This analysis evaluated the impact of “monetary value” on the dependent variable. Table 7 revealsa very strong positive linear relationship, as reflected by an R-value of 0.956. The R Square value of 0.914 indicates that 91.4% of the variation in the dependent variable can be explained by changes in “monetary value,” demonstrating a high degree of explanatory power. The Adjusted R Square, which is slightly lower at 0.893, further supports the model's strength while avoiding overfitting. The Standard Error of the Estimate (0.64290) suggests that the observed values are closely aligned with the regression line, reinforcing the model’s accuracy. Overall, these results underscore the significant influence of “monetary value” on the dependent variable, offering compelling evidence for its importance as a predictor in this study.
| Model | R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square | Std. Error of the Estimate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .956a | .914 | .893 | .64290 |
Table 8 presents the results of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), which is used to assess the variance in the regression model. Table 8 indicates that the regression model, which includes the predictor “monetary value,” accounts for a substantial portion of the variance in the dependent variable. The high F-statistic (42.776) and the low p-value (0.003) suggest that “monetary value” is a significant predictor. Specifically, the model explains 91.4% of the variance in the dependent variable, as indicated by the R Square value from the previous analysis. These results provide strong evidence that “monetary value” plays an important role in explaining the variability in the dependent variable, supporting the research hypothesis that “monetary value” has a significant impact.
| Model | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Regression | 17.680 | 1 | 17.680 | 42.776 | .003b |
| Residual | 1.653 | 4 | .413 | |||
| Total | 19.333 | 5 | ||||
| Model | R | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.470 | 0.221 |
| Predictor | Estimate | SE | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 16.148 | 2.1693 | 7.44 | <.001 |
| Monetary_Value | 0.230 | 0.0740 | 3.10 | 0.004 |
Table 9 displays the results of a linear regression analysis exploring the relationship between monetary value and career choice. The findings indicate a statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables. The model explains 22.1% of the variance in career choice, which indicates that while monetary value is an important factor, other variables not included in this model likely influence career choice as well. The positive coefficient (0.230) for monetary value suggests that as the perceived monetary value of a career increases, individuals are more likely to choose that career. This relationship is statistically significant (p = .004), providing evidence to support the hypothesis that financial considerations play a role in career decisions.
However, the moderate R2 value (0.221) suggests that while monetary value is a significant predictor, it's not the only factor influencing career choices. This analysis not only provides empirical support for the importance of monetary considerations in career decision-making but also highlights the complexity of this process, suggesting that a comprehensive understanding of career choice would need to consider multiple factors beyond just monetary value.
5. DISCUSSION
The present study adopted the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) and the human capital theory to examine a) Is there a significant relationship between family preference, monetary values, and career choice among freshmen at universities? b) Is there a significant effect of monetary value on career choice among freshmen at universities? And c) Is there a significant effect of family preference on career choice among freshmen at universities?
The problem of family preference and monetary values on career choice among freshers at universities is a complex one that has been a subject of much research and discussion in recent years. Family preference refers to the influence of parents, siblings, and other family members on a student's career choices. This can include a variety of factors, such as the family's cultural background, values, and expectations for the student. Monetary values refer to financial considerations. These are factors that students consider when selecting a career, such as salary, job stability, and the cost of education. All of these elements can significantly influence the career decisions of university freshmen. For instance, students from families with strong cultural or religious values may feel compelled to choose a career that aligns with those beliefs. On the other hand, students who prioritize financial considerations may be more inclined to pursue a high-paying job, even if it is less personally fulfilling.
Career decision-making self-efficacy plays a critical role in guiding individuals through the career decision-making process and influencing their future career development, aspirations, and job satisfaction [7, 8]. It refers to an individual’s confidence in their ability to carry out the tasks necessary for making and committing to a career choice [27]. High levels of career decision-making self-efficacy are typically linked to positive career attitudes, higher self-esteem, and a well-defined vocational identity [28].
The most significant finding is the moderate positive correlation (r = 0.470, p = 0.004) between Monetary Value And Career Choice. This relationship is statistically significant and aligns with Tables 6 and 9, which was previously discussed. It suggests that: a) Financial considerations play a substantial role in career decisions, b) Individuals are more likely to choose careers they perceive as financially rewarding, and c) The importance of monetary value in career choice could reflect economic pressures, societal expectations, or individual priorities for financial stability and success. Surprisingly, Table 3 shows that family preference demonstrated weak and non-significant correlations with both monetary value (r = 0.175, p = 0.307) and career choice (r = 0.074, p = 0.667). Intriguing findings for the study are as follows: a) It challenges assumptions about the direct impact of family on career decisions, b) The high mean and variability of family preference in the descriptive statistics, contrasted with its weak correlations, suggest a complex relationship that may not be linear or direct, and c) Family preference might operate through more subtle or indirect mechanisms, perhaps shaping values or expectations rather than directly influencing career choices.
The results highlight the multifaceted nature of career decision-making: While monetary value is significant, it explains only part of the variance in career choices (R2 = 0.221 from the regression analysis). The weak correlations of family preference suggest other factors not captured in this study may play important roles. Career guidance programs might benefit from emphasizing financial literacy and realistic expectations about the monetary aspects of different career paths.
The complex role of family preference suggests the need for nuanced approaches to understanding and addressing family dynamics in career counseling.
5.1. Theoretical Contributions
This study enhances the theoretical understanding of career choice by emphasizing the significance of economic factors in decision-making, challenging simplistic notions about family preference, suggesting more complex models of family impact on career development, and highlighting the need for comprehensive models that incorporate multiple factors in explaining career choices.
In conclusion, this study's results provide empirical support for the role of monetary considerations in career choices while challenging assumptions about direct family preference. These findings offer a deeper and more refined perspective on the complexities of career decision-making processes and have implications for both theory and practice in career development and counseling.
CONCLUSION
The aim of this research was to understand if there was an effect of family preference and monetary value on career choice. The population and sample for the study consisted of freshmen at universities, and the study revealed the correlation between family preference and monetary value was weak and not statistically significant. The correlation between family preference and career choice was also very weak and not statistically significant, according to Table 3.
A moderate positive correlation was found between monetary value and career choice, which indicates that individuals who prioritize financial gain are more likely to choose careers that align with this value. These results suggest that financial factors play a key role in career choice decisions, while family preference does not show a significant relationship with either monetary value or career choice. This could inform discussions on the factors influencing career decisions, indicating a potential emphasis on financial considerations over familial expectations or influence.
LIMITATIONS
One of the limitations is that the sample data collection was centered around undergraduate students, but this study would have been important for a master's student, too, or those in vocational studies. The study's findings may be constrained by the reliance on self-reported data, which can be prone to bias and inaccuracies. Incorporating a variety of data sources, such as surveys, interviews, and observation, may help to mitigate this limitation. The study may be limited by its cross-sectional design, which only captures a snapshot of the participants' career choices at one point in time. A longitudinal design would be beneficial to track how the influence of family preference and monetary values change over time. The study was limited by the lack of control variables to account for other possible factors that could impact career choices among freshmen. The study may not have taken into account the cultural and societal factors that may shape the career choices of freshmen students. The study's correlational nature limits causal inferences.
RECOMMENDATIONS
From this study, it is recommended to investigate other potential variables that might influence career choice and examine the role of family preference in different contexts or populations. Consider integrating theories related to intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation, as the significant correlation between monetary value and career choice highlights the role of extrinsic factors.
For career counseling and development programs, emphasizing monetary aspects might resonate more with individuals' career decision-making processes.
These findings provide a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing career choices, offering a foundation for both theoretical exploration and practical application in the domains of career development and psychology. The unexpected findings regarding family preference warrant further investigation, perhaps using qualitative methods to explore the nuances of family impact on career decisions. Longitudinal studies could provide insights into how these factors influence career satisfaction and success over time.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
It is hereby acknowledged that all authors have accepted responsibility for the manuscript's content and consented to its submission. They have meticulously reviewed all results and unanimously approved the final version of the manuscript.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Near East University (NEU/ES/2023/1025 and 04.07.2023).
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of institutional and/or research committees and with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2013.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the Study. Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient(s) to publish this paper.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
The data and supportive information are available within the article.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate Prof. Dr. Yagmur Cerkez, whose guidance was of great importance in this study and the Department of Psychological Counselling and Guidance at Near East University for their unwavering support. Thanks to Mr. Chukwuebuka Paul Ajuizeogu for his moral and technical support throughout this study. Finally, thanks to Assist. Prof. Dr. Elochukwu Gabriel Nweke, who was also a guide in ensuring this study was conducted well. We deeply acknowledge the support of everyone involved in this study.
