Mindfulness and Forgiveness as Catalysts for Stress Reduction and Social Cohesion: A Mixed-methods Study in Multicultural Binh Duong, Vietnam

The cultural and industrial environment in Binh Duong, which includes international students, local inhabitants, and migrant workers, presents challenges, such as social cohesion, intercultural conflict, and psychological stress. While previous studies confirm the separate benefits of mindfulness and forgiveness, little is known about their combined effects in such diverse settings.

This study employed a mixed-methods design. Quantitatively, 150 participants (50 international students, 50 migrant workers, 50 local residents) completed validated scales: the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Rye Forgiveness Scale (RFS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and a Social Cohesion Index. Analyses included Pearson correlations, ANOVA, and multiple regression with interaction terms. Qualitatively, 18 purposively selected participants engaged in semi-structured interviews, thematically analyzed to uncover underlying mechanisms.

There was a high level of correlation between mindfulness practice and stress reduction (r = 0.76, p < 0.01), while emotional healing and interpersonal trust were correlated with forgiveness (r = 0.64, p < 0.05). Together, they created a synergistic effect which was greater than the sum of the individual contributions, enhancing overall life satisfaction and social connectedness even more (r = 0.82, p < 0.01) than the two methods separately. ANOVA showed significant group differences, with the greatest benefit going to the international students. Qualitative results indicated that the outcome was influenced by cultural and religious factors.

The findings suggest that mindfulness helps to manage emotions and that forgiveness helps to repair relationships, thereby emphasizing a dual-pathway approach for improving resilience and cohesion. The group-specific differences suggest that such interventions ought to be designed bespoke to the cultural and religious background of the participants. The integration of forgiveness and mindfulness addresses the persisting gaps in stress-and-coping theories by providing a framework for the intrapersonal stress regulation and interpersonal reconciliation.

Used alone, forgiveness and mindfulness, and their combination, are effective techniques for stress reduction and fostering social harmony in multicultural settings. Their combined use has practical meanings for education, community programs, psychosocial support, and training and development in the workplace in Binh Duong and comparable urban settings.